Marburg Virus Outbreak: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Transmission, and Outcomes

Abstract

Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a severe, often fatal hemorrhagic fever caused by Marburg virus (MARV), a filovirus with significant epidemic potential. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on MVD outbreaks, focusing on epidemiology, clinical features, transmission dynamics, and patient outcomes. The virus originates from Egyptian fruit bat reservoirs (Rousettus aegyptiacus), with spillover events typically occurring through exposure to bat-inhabited environments. Human-to-human transmission follows via direct contact with infected bodily fluids, leading to outbreaks characterized by rapid spread, high mortality (case fatality rates: 24-90%, average ~83%), and frequent nosocomial amplification. Clinical presentation progresses from non-specific febrile illness to severe gastrointestinal symptoms and potentially fatal hemorrhagic manifestations. Diagnosis relies on RT-PCR and antigen-detection tests, while management remains primarily supportive. Recent outbreaks in Ghana (2022), Equatorial Guinea, and Tanzania (2023) underscore the expanding geographic threat. Effective outbreak control depends on rapid case identification, strict infection prevention, contact tracing, safe burials, and community engagement. Despite promising vaccine and therapeutic candidates in development, MVD continues to present substantial global health challenges, necessitating enhanced surveillance, international collaboration, and investment in countermeasures.

Received Date: October 20, 2024

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/512