International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies

Augmented reality and virtual reality technologies for promoting African cultural heritage, museums and libraries: the new wheel of immersion

Alioune Cissé — 2026-06-01

The decline in library attendance and limited access to museum collections raise new challenges in Africa. This article explores the potential of augmented and virtual reality technologies as tools for cultural and scientific mediation. Based on qualitative observations and interviews conducted at the University Library of Dakar and the Léopold Sédar Senghor Museum, it critically discusses existing models (Fuchs, Jolivalt) and introduces the 'mobile wheel' framework developed at LARSIC. Findings highlight that immersion and interaction levels must be adapted to institutional typologies and disciplines, thereby opening new avenues for the promotion of African cultural heritage.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/714

Rethinking Morocco’s entrepreneurial ecosystem: a conceptual framework for the interdependent constraints of financing, regulation and the market

Hanane BEN HSAYEN — 2026-06-01

Background. Entrepreneurship plays a central role in Morocco’s economic diversification strategy, where small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and start-ups account for nearly 90 per cent of the productive sector. However, the ecosystem remains hampered by persistent structural barriers. Objective. This article proposes a conceptual framework linking three interdependent constraints—access to finance, the regulatory environment and market dynamics—and the coordination of the actors that connect them, in order to move beyond fragmented sectoral analyses.

Method. The approach is conceptual: it synthesises a body of fifty recent studies (2021–2026) to identify underlying theoretical patterns and construct an integrative model, based on systemic approaches to entrepreneurial ecosystems.

Conceptual results. The model highlights that constraints do not simply add up but reinforce one another: credit rationing, regulatory fragmentation and information asymmetries form a vicious circle from which financial innovation (crowdfunding, Islamic finance, sukuk) cannot break free without institutional coordination.

Implications. The framework provides decision-makers with a cross-cutting analytical framework and identifies priority areas for empirical research.

Keywords: entrepreneurship; Morocco; access to finance; regulatory environment; entrepreneurial ecosystem; crowdfunding; SMEs.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/742

Political Influence on Justice in Contemporary Democracies: Comparative Dynamics of Judicial Independence in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, and the United States

Saddiki Mohammed — 2026-06-01

Judicial independence constitutes one of the foundational pillars of democratic governance and the rule of law. Nevertheless, contemporary democracies increasingly face tensions between political authorities and judicial institutions, particularly regarding judicial appointments, constitutional review, partisan polarization, and executive interference. This article examines the mechanisms and manifestations of political influence on justice through a comparative analysis of four democratic systems: the United Kingdom, Spain, France, and the United States. The study investigates how institutional configurations, constitutional traditions, and political cultures shape the autonomy of judicial systems and the vulnerability of courts to political pressures.

The article adopts a comparative institutional approach combining constitutional analysis, judicial governance studies, and political-legal theory. It evaluates formal guarantees of judicial independence alongside de facto political practices affecting judicial behavior and court legitimacy. Particular attention is devoted to the politicization of judicial appointments, the role of judicial councils, executive-legislative influence, and contemporary debates surrounding democratic backsliding and judicialization of politics.

The study argues that while all four systems formally protect judicial independence, the modalities of political influence differ significantly according to legal traditions and constitutional structures. The American model demonstrates strong ideological polarization in judicial appointments; Spain reveals tensions linked to party control over the General Council of the Judiciary; France illustrates executive-centered judicial administration; while the United Kingdom presents a comparatively restrained yet evolving model after constitutional reforms.

Keywords: Judicial Independence; Political Influence; Rule of Law; Comparative Constitutional Law; Judicial Governance.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/733

Comparative Study Between 99mTc-MDP Bone Scintigraphy and 18F-FDG PET/CT in the Staging of Adolescent Osteosarcoma: A Case Series

Saadia Ayach — 2026-06-01

Background: Children and adolescents primarily develop osteosarcoma, the most common malignant primary bone tumor. Adequate first-time staging is important to sustain the appropriate treatment and estimate prognosis. Bone scintigraphy with 18F-FDG, and those of 99mTc-MDP, have each been separately documented to evaluate the degree of skeletal involvement and metastatic spread. The difference in the contribution of these modalities is documented to some extent.

Objective: This study hopes to outline and document the differences between 99mTc-MDP bone scintigraphy and 18F-FDG PET/CT in the first staging of osteosarcoma on adolescents.

Methods: The study was focused on four identified cases of osteosarcoma treated at Cheikh Khalifa International University Hospital. A retrospective descriptive case series becomes applicable. Each of the four studied cases was subjected to 99mTc-MDP bone scintigraphy and 18F-FDG PET/CT. Standard clinical procedures were adhered to. The imaging findings were assessed for primary tumor, reference to local and regional extension, and distant metastasis.

Results: Osteosarcoma lesions were identified by bone scintigraphy. PET/CT was documented to be better in assessing local extension and soft tissue as well as in the distant metastatic lesion evaluation. In 2 of the studied cases, bone scintigraphy failed to detect lesions, and PET/CT documented evidence of metastatic lesions. In each of the 2 cases discrepancy was documented, the additional information from the PET/CT may influence the course of the treatment.

Conclusion: Osteosarcoma of adolescents is best documented and evaluated by the combined use of both radiation modalities in the early staging and treatment processes.

Keywords: Osteosarcoma; PET/CT; 18F-FDG; Bone Scintigraphy; 99mTc-MDP; Pediatric Oncology; Nuclear Medicine.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/732

Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine: Principles, Regulations and Contemporary Challenges

Saadia Ayach — 2026-06-01

Nuclear medicine is now an integral part of healthcare systems across the globe due to innovative diagnosis and therapy through radiopharmaceuticals. The expansion of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and several radionuclide therapies have increased the number of diagnostic interventions that employ ionizing radiation. As a result, the need for radiation protection in nuclear medicine to safeguard the patients, healthcare practitioners, caregivers, and the public has emerged. This review discusses the science of radiation protection in nuclear medicine to justify, optimize, and limit radiation exposure. It also discusses the international policies of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and other relevant international bodies. It discusses the impact of rapidly changing imaging technologies, theranostics, occupational radiation exposure, radiation waste, and the protection and safety innovations. This review seeks to describe the innovations and research to enhance nuclear medicine safety in order to sustain the therapeutic value of the technologies.

Keywords: Nuclear Medicine; Radiation Protection; Radiation Safety; Radiopharmaceuticals; Occupational Exposure; Dosimetry; ALARA Principle; Patient Safety.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/731

Corporate Governance and Social Performance in Moroccan Organizations: The Mediating Role of Responsible Practices and Ethical Culture

Sebti Imane — 2026-06-01

This article investigates how corporate social responsibility affects social performance using a theoretical framework. The document notes that corporate social responsibility is an essential strategic component for several business organizations attempting to navigate a highly changing business environment.

Among the benefits of corporate social responsibility involvement, one can mention the help it provides to companies in gaining a competitive advantage by improving their reputation and acceptability, their market share, and their profitability compared to their rivals whose social involvement is lesser or unrecognized in their operational environment.
The document concludes that corporate social responsibility boosts the profitability of organizations and helps them gain competitive advantages over their rivals in the market. It is recommended that leaders make involvement in social responsibility a key strategic element of their business activities.

Management should analyse its environment to identify the appropriate needs of its operational environment in order to understand what people actually need, instead of merely launching and implementing projects that may not be beneficial to society, as this would give a bad image of the organization and its efforts might not be recognized and appreciated.

Furthermore, organizations must ensure that they disclose all their social responsibility actions to the appropriate stakeholders. Indeed, the more people notice an organization's positive social actions, the more their perception of that organization changes, which strengthens the organization's image and reputation with the general public.

Key-words: Corporate governance, social performance, Responsible Practises.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/729

Public Governance and the Development of Human Capital in Morocco: An Analysis of Public Policies and Their Impact on Performance

Fatima Ezzahra RACHID — 2026-06-01

This article analyses the relationship between public governance and the development of human capital in Morocco, emphasising the decisive role of public policies in strategic s such as education, health and employment. It adopts an analytical approach based on a review of the academic literature and available institutional data, with a view to understanding the mechanisms through which governance influences the quality, performance and development of human capital.

The study shows that, over recent decades, Morocco has undertaken structural reforms aimed at modernising public administration, improving the efficiency of social services and strengthening human capital. These efforts are gradually yielding significant progress, particularly in terms of expanding access to education, improving healthcare infrastructure and promoting active labour market policies.

The findings highlight that public governance plays a central role in enhancing human capital by promoting better resource allocation and continuous improvement in the quality of public services. Thus, strengthening institutional frameworks and consolidating public policies contribute to improving skills, employability and the overall performance of human capital, thereby supporting a path of sustainable and inclusive socio-economic development in Morocco.

Keywords: Public governance – Human capital – Public policies – Education – Health – Employment.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/728

Artificial intelligence: a new approach to place marketing for the benefit of local areas

Aziz MHAIMER — 2026-06-01

Against a backdrop of increased competition between regions, regional marketing is becoming a strategic lever for enhancing attractiveness, competitiveness and local identity. This article explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming regional marketing practices by offering new tools for analysis, segmentation and personalisation.

Based on a literature review and case studies using the PRISMA method, we demonstrate that AI enables:

real-time analysis of regional data to identify the expectations of target audiences;
hyper-personalisation of messages via predictive analytics and natural language processing;
the optimisation of promotional campaigns through digital twins and recommendation systems.

The results highlight that AI does not replace human strategy but enhances it, transforming data governance into a competitive advantage for local authorities. The article also discusses the ethical, legal and organisational challenges associated with the use of AI in the public sphere, particularly regarding data protection and inclusion.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; place marketing; attractiveness; place data; governance; smart city; personalisation.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/725

The Principle of Free Administration: Between the Requirements of Autonomy and the Challenges of Implementation

Redouane idrissi — 2026-06-01

In the context of strengthening the decentralization process and consolidating the foundations of advanced regionalization, Morocco has undertaken a series of reforms reflecting the public authorities’ commitment to establishing a territorial system capable of addressing economic, political, and social challenges. These reforms also demonstrate the legislator’s determination to modernize the framework of territorial governance.

Within this framework, the scope of competences of territorial collectivises has been expanded, and they have been provided with the necessary mechanisms and resources to carry out their assigned responsibilities. At the same time, the constitutional entrenchment of the principle of free administration has been established as a fundamental guarantee for strengthening the autonomy of territorial collectivises in their relationship with central authorities, as well as in decision-making and the implementation of development policies.

Undoubtedly, the principle of free administration has become a key lever for promoting local democracy, reinforcing the values of transparency and participation, and enabling territorial collectivises to assume their responsibilities and fulfil their assigned roles, particularly in meeting the challenges of territorial development.

However, the theoretical importance of this principle is contrasted by practical constraints that limit its effectiveness, notably the limited financial and human resources, overlapping competences, and the multiplicity of oversight mechanisms. In this context, a fundamental question arises regarding the nature of this principle: does it represent a genuine transformation in the distribution of power between the centre and the territories, or merely a mechanism for reorganizing territorial action within a centrally structured framework of public policies?

Keywords: Free administration principle, decentralization, advanced regionalization, territorial collectivises, territorial governance, local democracy, territorial autonomy, administrative oversight, overlapping competences, public policies, central control, territorial development.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/723

Trust engineering and urban mediation: An Info-Communicational Analysis of Human-AI interaction in Smart city public services

Fatiha Makach — 2026-06-01

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into smart city public services is redefining the institution-citizen relationship. This article examines the determinants of user trust in a public service chatbot within the Moroccan context, articulating contributions from Information and Communication Sciences, the Technology Acceptance Model, and algorithmic trust theories. Based on a questionnaire survey of 300 users of the CHAT-ONCF chatbot and a PLS-SEM approach, we test five hypotheses on the relationships between perceived usefulness, algorithmic transparency, cognitive trust, and engagement intention. Results reveal that algorithmic transparency is a significantly stronger predictor of trust than perceived usefulness, inverting the classical TAM hierarchy. Trust partially mediates the effect of transparency on engagement. These findings advocate for a responsible communicational design of urban AI and contribute to a contextualized theory of public AI acceptability in the Global South.

Key words: Algorithmic trust, chatbot, digital mediation, Human-AI interaction, Smart City.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/698

Media, citizenship and security: Towards the construction of a new Congolese political narrative?

WELO NDJIMBA Emmanuel-Nicolas — 2026-06-01

This article analyses the fundamental role of the media in shaping the public sphere and fostering citizenship in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, highlighting their importance in a context marked by chronic insecurity, the presence of armed groups and foreign interference. It demonstrates that the media, beyond their role in providing information and entertainment, serve as vehicles for political socialisation, collective resilience and democratic legitimisation. Despite being subjected to pressure, manipulation and censorship, they remain key actors in fostering national cohesion, denouncing violence and promoting peace. The study concludes that democratic consolidation in the DRC cannot be separated from security issues, and that only free, credible and responsible media can contribute to the emergence of a new political imagination that brings together democracy, security and responsible citizenship.

Keywords: Media, citizenship, security, socialisation and political imagination.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/713

A framework for social utility to achieve strategic governance: The case of the Moroccan cooperative

Malak BOUHAZZAMA — 2026-06-01

This research began with an examination of the challenges facing the Moroccan cooperative sector and culminated in the development of a model for Moroccan cooperatives, focusing on the formulation of a framework to achieve strategic governance of cooperatives and to propose a simple, unified framework for analysis and reflection to define and address cooperative issues. Thus, this framework has helped to inform the thinking of cooperative members keen to commit their organisations to a process of continuous improvement.

Keywords: Cooperative – Framework – Governance – Social utility – Morocco.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/704

How can we assess the impact of social utility on cooperative governance?

Malak BOUHAZZAMA — 2026-06-01

Given their growing economic and social significance worldwide, several researchers have focused on the distinctive nature of cooperative governance. However, the majority of theoretical studies on cooperative governance concentrate on large firms operating on a global scale. Moreover, the resulting representation of governance mechanisms has largely overlooked the issues facing cooperatives, particularly those with no direct link to financial markets. This is the case with this study, which examines cooperative governance and the measurement of social utility, of which governance is a part.

Keywords: Impact – Cooperative – Social utility – Governance.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/703

Assessment of nursing staff knowledge and practices regarding chronic gastritis: a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the Bolenge General Referral Hospital (DRC)

NGANDOBAMI SOMBETE Gédéon — 2026-06-01

Introduction: Chronic gastritis affects approximately 50% of the world’s population. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), nurses play a central role in the management of this condition, although their theoretical and practical skills remain poorly documented. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and the nature of the attitudes of nursing staff at the Bolenge General Reference Hospital (HGR) regarding this condition.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2026 among 85 nurses. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire comprising 15 items on knowledge and 12 on attitudes. Statistical analyses included univariate and bivariate approaches (Chi-square test $\chi^2$) and logistic regression.

Results: The analysis revealed that 42.4% of nurses had an overall insufficient level of knowledge, and 56.5% displayed a negative attitude, characterised in particular by low involvement in patient therapeutic education. Level of education (Master’s degree) and participation in continuing professional development were significantly associated with better practice (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.4–4.6). In contrast, professional seniority, in the absence of refresher training, was not correlated with improved skills.

Conclusion: The cognitive and behavioural gaps identified fully justify the development of a local standardised care protocol and the introduction of targeted continuing professional development programmes in gastroenterology at the Bolenge General Hospital.

Keywords: Chronic gastritis, Knowledge, Attitudes, Nursing staff, DRC, Bolenge General Hospital.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/702

Barriers to the integration of medical technologies in the operating theatres of general referral hospitals in Mbandaka (DRC): a cross-sectional analytical study

NZAU NKATU Janvier — 2026-06-01

Introduction: The integration of modern technological devices (advanced monitoring systems, digital imaging, high-frequency equipment) into the operating theatre is emerging as a key factor in ensuring the safety and optimisation of surgical procedures. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, their use remains rudimentary. This study aimed to analyse the barriers limiting the optimal use of these tools within the general referral hospitals (GRHs) of Mbandaka, Wangata and Bolenge.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted between January and March 2025. Using exhaustive sampling, 120 healthcare professionals (surgeons, anaesthetists, nurses) working in the operating theatre were included. Technical, macro-financial, individual and organisational determinants were collected via a self-administered questionnaire. Univariate and bivariate analyses (Pearson’s chi-square test) were performed.

Results: Only 18.3% of professionals routinely utilised the available technological resources. The predominant barriers were the instability of the electricity supply (90.8%), a lack of specialised training (87.5%), the absence of preventive biomedical maintenance (82.5%), the prohibitive cost of equipment (79.2%) and resistance to changes in practice (55.8%). Inferential analysis shows that the regular use of equipment is highly correlated with access to continuing professional development (p<0.001), permanent access to a biomedical technician (p=0.002) and the availability of a functional backup power source (p=0.004).

Conclusion: The deployment of technology in the operating theatres of Mbandaka is hampered by a critical triad: energy shortages, lack of training and inadequate maintenance. The deployment of appropriate local solutions (reliable power systems, targeted training and shared biomedical engineering) is essential to enhance the safety of surgical care.

Keywords: medical innovations, operating theatre, systemic barriers, surgical safety, DRC.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/701

A comparative analysis of the competency-based and objective-based approaches in health sciences schools: ‘The case of the Mbandaka medical training institute, DRC’

Massale Mobato Dieu-merci — 2026-06-01

Introduction: Developments in medical education require a shift from the traditional objective-based approach (OBA) to a competency-based approach (CBA). In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, this national reform faces significant local logistical and human resource challenges.

Objective: This research comparatively assesses the level of adoption and the actual impact of the APO and APC on the clinical performance of future nurses and midwives at the IEM Mbandaka.

Methodology: The study employs a quantitative, descriptive and comparative design. Standardised numerical data were collected from a sample of 33 professionals via closed-ended questionnaires incorporating Likert scales.

Results: The analyses show that a single major determinant predicts the implementation of the reform: the initial specialisation of supervisors in educational sciences. Experience or overall academic level show no significant influence.

Discussion: A critical gap remains between theory and practice. Over 60% of teaching remains in the form of simple lectures, as staff fall back on their comfort zone due to a lack of methodological refresher training. Furthermore, placement tutors are abandoning the APC assessment grids in favour of subjective assessments inherited from the APO.

Conclusion: The implementation of the LMD reform remains purely formal in practice. To ensure the success of this transition in provincial settings, the institution must have access to a local support programme and targeted continuing professional development.

Keywords: Comparative analysis, Competence-based approach, Objective-based approach, School of Health Sciences.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/700

Knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals towards project resource management in healthcare facilities in Mbandaka

Bafanzo Bafanzo Jean Robert — 2026-06-01

Objective: This study aims to analyse the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals regarding project resource management in healthcare facilities in the city of Mbandaka, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and to examine the association between certain organisational practices and the performance of supply systems.

Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional observational study conducted between March and October 2025 among 118 healthcare professionals working at the Wangata General Referral Hospital and the Bosomba Health Centre. The sample was selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. The internal reliability of the instrument was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α = 0.82). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software ( , version 26). Associations between qualitative variables were analysed using the chi-square test, whilst logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with better project resource management.

Results: The results show that the majority of healthcare professionals have a generally satisfactory level of knowledge regarding project resource management, although only 34.7% have received specific training. Several factors are significantly associated with the performance of the supply system, notably staff training (p < 0.05), resource availability (p < 0.05), the existence of management tools (p < 0.05) and staff motivation (p < 0.05). Logistic regression confirms that the availability of resources, staff motivation, training and management tools are factors independently associated with better performance. The lack of training, formal procedures and limited availability of resources constitute major constraints.

Conclusion: The results suggest that certain organisational and managerial practices, notably training, the availability of resources, the use of management tools and staff motivation, are associated with better performance of the procurement system. However, further studies are needed to deepen our understanding of these associations in similar contexts.

Keywords: knowledge, attitudes, project resource management, health facilities, Mbandaka.

Received Date: April 21, 2026

Accepted Date: May 12, 2026

Published Date: June 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/699