International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies

Noun and Adverb Incorporations in Blackfoot

Faris Rababa — 2026-10-01

This squib investigates noun and adverb incorporation in Blackfoot, an Algonquian language spoken in Southern Alberta and Montana, within the broader context of the language’s polysynthetic morphosyntax. It first outlines relevant morphophonological and morphosyntactic properties of Blackfoot, including nominal inflection, agreement, animacy and transitivity marking, and the organization of the verbal complex. The analysis identifies two principal restrictions on noun incorporation: incorporation of nominal heads denoting body parts into the verbal stem, and noun – noun incorporation in abstract nominalization, where a deverbal nominal obligatorily incorporates a nominal head rather than a full noun phrase. The study then examines adverb–verb incorporation within a minimalist framework. Simple, complex, and split configurations are discussed, with particular attention to adverbs of manner, degree, and rate, the role of symmetric c-command, and movement to specifier positions. Complex cases show that degree and manner/rate adverbs may be separated by a durative aspect marker, requiring successive merger and movement operations. Overall, the squib clarifies how incorporation interacts with Blackfoot verbal structure, nominalization, aspect, and the syntax of adverbial modification.

Keywords: Blackfoot; polysynthesis; noun incorporation; adverb incorporation; morphosyntax; minimalist approach; nominalization.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/947

Visibility of Côte d’Ivoire’s documentary heritage: a cartographic study of libraries and archives in the digital age

Mariam BERTE SEKONGO — 2026-10-01

A country’s documentary heritage – comprising books, periodicals, administrative documents and archives – can only fulfil its purpose if it is locatable, accessible and usable. As information-seeking practices now take place online, the digital visibility of the institutions holding this heritage has become a prerequisite for physical access to the collections. However, Côte d’Ivoire does not have an open and up-to-date national directory of its libraries, documentation centres and archives. The aim of this study is to identify the distribution of documentary institutions across Côte d’Ivoire in the digital age. The study was carried out using mixed-methods research, incorporating mapping. The quantitative component is based on an inventory compiled through web searches (Google and Google Scholar). The qualitative component consists of an inductive thematic analysis of a corpus. The results show that 72 entries were identified, of which 58 institutions were selected for analysis and 49 were geolocated. Twenty-one organisations are located in Abidjan; excluding those in the network of reading and cultural activity centres (CLACs), 70 per cent of the geolocated organisations are concentrated there. In summary, a digital directory of Ivorian documentary organisations is possible but incomplete. In fact, it provides a heterogeneous snapshot rather than a reliable directory.

Keywords: Information science; documentary heritage; mapping; digital visibility; Côte d’Ivoire.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/949

A Progressive Visualisation-Based Learning Framework for Moroccan Pupils and Students: From Data Exploration to Interactive Instruction and Complex Data

Mohamed TIMMI — 2026-10-01

Moroccan pupils and students face a double challenge: national and international assessments show low proficiency in mathematics, reading, and science, whereas mobile connectivity is almost universal. This article proposes a learning framework that uses visualisation to connect these two facts. The framework, called Explore–Interact–Extend (EIE), moves learners from open exploration of local data, through teacher-designed interactive visualisations, to complex multivariate, temporal, and projected data with explicit safeguards against misreading. We ground the design in published indicators, namely the 2025 cycle of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the 2023 cycle of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), national digital-access statistics, and the scale of the pioneer-school programme, and in 33 scholarly sources published between 2023 and 2026. A comparison with seven existing approaches shows that none of the works reviewed here combines open exploration, guided interaction, safeguards for complex data, offline use, and right-to-left support in one design. We describe a mobile-first, offline-capable, trilingual platform architecture and a cluster-randomised evaluation plan of about nine classes per arm. The framework has not yet been tested with learners; its value lies in a set of testable design rules for Moroccan classrooms and teacher-training centres.

Key words: complex data, data literacy, interactive visualisation, Moroccan education.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/954

Factors contributing to nutritional Anemia in children aged 0 to 23 months in the Kananga health zone

Dikebela Ntambue Alfred — 2026-10-01

Our study focused on ‘Factors contributing to nutritional anaemia in children aged 0 to 23 months in the Kananga health zone’.

The aim of our study was to describe the factors contributing to nutritional anaemia in children aged 0 to 23 months in the Kananga health zone. To achieve this, we pursued the following specific objectives:

To identify the factors contributing to nutritional anaemia in children aged 0 to 23 months;
To determine the most common types of anaemia among children aged 0 to 23 months;
To propose possible preventive measures to avoid anaemia.

We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study with an analytical focus, using a survey method supported by face-to-face interviews as the data collection tool for a sample of 362 respondents.

Following analysis and interpretation of the data, we obtained the following results:

61 per cent of respondents were in the 25 to 34 age group;
76 per cent of respondents were married;
64 per cent of respondents were unemployed;
86 per cent of respondents were Catholic;
7 per cent of respondents were part of a household of between 4 and 7 people;
64 per cent of respondents had a monthly income of 60,000–100,000 Congolese francs;
07 per cent of respondents eat foufou with leaves and small fish at home;
8 per cent of respondents eat one meal a day at home;
73 per cent of respondents wean their children at 12 months;
22 per cent of respondents give their children maize porridge as a complementary food;
46 per cent of respondents feed their children once a day;
71 per cent of respondents have not given birth to low-birth-weight babies;
10 per cent of respondents have not had children suffering from anaemia;
58 per cent of respondents cited severe malaria as the cause of anaemia.

Following a bivariate analysis of our results, we found that the following factors influence a history of anaemia: exclusive breastfeeding; complementary feeding; the age at which the child was weaned; the foods consumed in households; household size; marital status; the mother’s age; and occupation.

In light of these results and to address the study’s research questions, we confirm the initial hypothesis that the socio-demographic factors: the mother’s age, marital status, socio-economic factors (household size, occupation) and socio-environmental factors (food intake, food quality) underlie nutritional anaemia in children aged 0 to 24 months in the Kananga health zone.

Keywords: Factors, Explanatory, Anaemia, Nutritional.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/955

Effects of mining pressure on production costs and the profitability of family-run farms in Lualaba: a case study of the village of Muvunda near Kamoa mining

NSHEMBE CHISHUNGU Eric Nice — 2026-10-01

This study analyses the effects of mining pressure on production costs and the profitability of family farms in the village of Muvunda in Lualaba. A survey was conducted amongst 195 farming households and the data were analysed using R software. The results show that 42.6 per cent of households grow both food crops and market crops, whilst maize is the main food crop (69.7 per cent). The average maize yield is 2,379 kg/ha, compared with 8,662 kg/ha for cassava. Total production costs rise from 895,000 to 1,220,000 CDF/ha (USD 390 to 531) between farms with low and high exposure to mining pressure, representing an increase of 36.3 per cent. Profitability falls in parallel from 360.3 per cent to 195.9 per cent. The regression analysis confirms a significant negative effect of mining pressure on profitability (β = −0.284; p = 0.008). These results demonstrate that mining pressure constitutes a major economic constraint for family farming in Muvunda.

Keywords: Mining pressure; production costs; agricultural profitability; family farms; Lualaba.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/956

Protecting the supplier against breach of the distribution contract

El Meniy Mohamed — 2026-10-01

Distribution is essential in today’s economy, as it facilitates consumers’ access to a wide range of products. In fact, the primary function of distribution is to make a broad spectrum of goods available to consumers, whether directly from producers or through specialist distributors. Thanks to their sales expertise, these distributors are often crucial in helping producers connect effectively with the market. Nevertheless, this dynamic is not without risks, particularly for suppliers, who may find themselves in a delicate position if distributors fail to fulfil their obligations.

Within this general framework, it is crucial to consider the protection of suppliers against the breach of distribution contracts. Indeed, although the distribution contract formalises the agreement between the supplier and the distributor, the specific terms of this agreement are not always governed by clear legal provisions, particularly in the Moroccan context where the distribution contract does not feature in the official catalogue of contracts. This lack of codification creates a legal vacuum that requires protective mechanisms tailored to commercial relationships. The establishment and effective development of these relationships depend on ensuring a contractual balance that safeguards the interests of the commercial parties.

To this end, the supplier adopts protective measures against breach of contract and failures on the part of its distributor, which may damage the supplier’s brand reputation. It is also essential to ensure that distributors are able to fulfil their commitments, in order to maintain a healthy and sustainable commercial relationship.

The focus of this article is on analysing the means of protection available to the supplier in the event of a breach of contract by the distributor, by examining a range of protective mechanisms in favour of the manufacturer. In this sense, a distributor’s efficiency and loyalty to the supplier’s brand image constitute an intangible form of protection, much like a guarantee or retention-of-title clause for the benefit of the supplier or manufacturer.

Keywords: protection, contract, distribution, supplier, distributor.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/957

The influence of social media on children’s education: a narrative review of the literature on the roles of parents and teachers

SHUKURU LOSSA Daniel — 2026-10-01

The rapid expansion of digital technologies has profoundly transformed the ways in which children and adolescents communicate, learn and socialise. Social media now plays a significant role in their daily lives and has a considerable influence on their cognitive, social, emotional and academic development. This narrative review of the literature examines the positive and negative effects of social media on children’s education, whilst highlighting the complementary roles of parents and teachers in guiding its use. Drawing on Piaget’s theories of cognitive development, Vygotsky’s theory of sociocultural learning and Bandura’s theory of social learning, the study analyses the mechanisms through which social media influence the behaviours, learning and social interactions of young users. The findings from the literature indicate that social media can promote access to knowledge, the development of digital skills, creativity and collaborative learning. However, they also present significant risks such as distraction from schoolwork, cyberbullying, digital addiction, exposure to inappropriate content and mental health issues. The conclusions highlight the need for close collaboration between families and schools to promote responsible, critical and safe use of social media among children.

Keywords: social media; children’s digital education; parental roles; teachers’ responsibilities; cyberbullying; digital citizenship.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/958

Democratising the energy transition in Morocco: an analysis of the framework for decentralised self-generation through the lens of energy justice

Meriem SALHI — 2026-10-01

Morocco’s Law No. 82-21 and its implementing decree create legal routes for electricity self-production, but formal eligibility does not establish effective access. This article combines a structured reading of the law, implementing rules and the electricity regulator’s published hosting-capacity data with a focused review of research on energy justice, rooftop solar adoption and collective energy. We examine four stylized applicants — a household, a farm, a cooperative and a small firm — through a sequence of legal eligibility, ability to complete a request, local network access and realized benefits. The regulatory route depends on capacity, voltage and connection conditions; potential savings also depend on consumption timing, financing and the applicable rules for surplus sales. Approved cumulative distribution hosting capacity rises from 691 MW in 2026 to 1,324 MW in 2030, but these planning values do not count connected projects or identify beneficiaries. The article specifies which claims follow from legal texts and public data and which require administrative records and household or project-level evidence. It offers a testable framework for assessing whether an opening in energy law becomes equitable participation.

Keywords: electricity self-production; Morocco; energy justice; hosting capacity; solar adoption; territorial governance.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/959

Didactic transformation of the general nursing techniques course in the first year at the institut supérieur des techniques médicales in Lubumbashi: a mixed-methods study of teaching practices and learning conditions

MBAYA KABONGO Bijoux — 2026-10-01

Background: The General Nursing Techniques (GNT) course forms an important foundation of nursing education, but its delivery must integrate knowledge, technical skills and professional attitudes. This study aimed to analyse the teaching methodology of the GNT course in the first year of the Bachelor’s degree programme at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques (ISTM) in Lubumbashi and to propose a suitable teaching framework.

Methods: A descriptive and analytical mixed-methods study was conducted involving 150 first-year students and 10 lecturers. Quantitative data were collected via a questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Qualitative data were obtained from interviews with lecturers and direct observation of 10 sessions, using a checklist focusing in particular on preparation, methods, teaching materials, student participation, practical activities and assessment.

Results: The majority of students (86.7 per cent) considered practical demonstrations to be important or very important. However, 49.3 per cent felt that varied teaching methods were rarely or never used, and 50 per cent considered the teaching materials to be unsatisfactory or inadequate. Students mainly cited an insufficient number of practical sessions (32.7 per cent) and a lack of teaching materials (25.3 per cent). Sixty-four per cent felt they had a good or very good level of skills acquisition. The use of a variety of teaching methods was associated with a significant difference in learning scores (F = 19.72; p < 0.001), as were the availability of teaching materials (F = 17.05; p < 0.001) and active participation (F = 21.13; p < 0.001). Age and gender were not significantly associated with the indicators studied. Among teachers, lectures were reported by all (100 per cent), compared with 20 per cent for case studies/simulations. Observation confirmed that demonstrations were carried out in 70 per cent of sessions, but that teaching sheets were used in only 30 per cent of sessions and formative assessment was observed in 30 per cent.

Conclusion: The results point to the need for integrated, student-centred teaching, supervised practice, methodological diversification, structured teaching materials and skills assessment.

Keywords: teaching methodology; General Nursing Techniques; nursing education; active learning; professional competences; ISTM Lubumbashi.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/960

Early childhood development in the Republic of Guinea: a qualitative analysis of existing opportunities based on the perceptions of institutional and implementing stakeholders

Niouma TOLNO — 2026-10-01

The positive benefits of the holistic development of children aged 0 to 8 are still not sufficiently understood or valued by families, communities and governments. Across the world, although many countries have the resources and potential, numerous children continue to suffer from neglect and various forms of violence. In Guinea, as in many other contexts, public policies designed to promote early childhood development are not always backed by budgetary resources commensurate with their stated ambitions. Political will is expressed more through official rhetoric than through concrete actions and commitments that are actually fulfilled. This limits the implementation of interventions and results in significant harm to children. Indeed, the aim of this research was to analyse, based on the perceptions of institutional and implementing stakeholders operating in Guinea, as well as policy and programme documents, the existing opportunities that could be harnessed to promote the harmonious development of children aged 0 to 8 in Guinea. Twenty-one participants from 18 institutions (state bodies, UN agencies, international NGOs and civil society organisations) took part in semi-structured interviews in Conakry between 21 November 2024 and 24 April 2025. These interviews revealed that the country is brimming with significant opportunities and that all that is needed is for early childhood to be made a national priority. The notable opportunities highlighted by these stakeholders include the existence of social services; the mobilisation of civil society and community groups; the large number of committed partners and stakeholders; the presence of the mass media to raise awareness, monitor, alert and educate families and children; the existence of mineral resources that are still undervalued; and the existence of a favourable political and framework. The presence of all these favourable factors provides significant leverage for a coordinated and effective multisectoral response in support of children aged 0 to 8.

Keywords: early childhood development, Guinea, opportunities, stakeholders, favourable.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/961

Optimising the prediction of malnutrition risk using semi-supervised learning: a case study of PCIMA data from Eastern Kasai (DRC)

KENA MULUMBA Clovis — 2026-10-01

Malnutrition remains a major public health challenge in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), particularly in the province of Kasaï Oriental, where rates of acute and chronic malnutrition remain high. However, the limited availability of properly labelled data constitutes a significant obstacle to the development of high-performance predictive models to aid decision-making in the planning of nutritional interventions.

This study proposes a semi-supervised learning approach combining an unsupervised clustering algorithm (K-Means) and two supervised classifiers (Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbours) to improve the prediction of malnutrition risk. The data used were drawn from the Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM) programme, collected across the 19 health zones of Kasaï Oriental between 2020 and 2022.

The methodology comprises four stages: (i) data pre-processing and normalisation, (ii) clustering of observations using K-Means to generate pseudo-labels, (iii) supervised learning using SVM and KNN models, and (iv) weighted fusion of the predictions produced by the various algorithms. The model’s performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall and the F1 score.

The results show that the proposed hybrid approach significantly improves predictive performance compared with individual models. Projections for the period 2023–2026 identify several health zones at high risk of a deterioration in the nutritional situation. This research thus demonstrates the relevance of semi-supervised learning for predictive modelling in contexts characterised by a scarcity of labelled data.

Keywords: Semi-supervised learning, Malnutrition, Machine learning, K-Means, SVM, KNN, PCIMA, DRC.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/962