International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies

Education and Entrepreneurship in Mali

Daman-Guilé DIAWARA — 2026-04-02

The article examines the link between the education system and entrepreneurship in Mali, in a context where the mismatch between education and employment has become a major challenge. It analyses the dynamics of human capital and the factors influencing career intentions. Faced with severe pressures and the mass entry of young people into the labour market, Mali needs to transform its investment in education into a genuine capacity for value creation.

The study addresses the following question: How does the development of human capital influence the intentions and entrepreneurial actions of young graduates, particularly when the labour market remains heavily dominated by informality?

The article highlights a paradox: despite high expectations regarding schooling (as a stepping stone to the civil service), graduates face difficulties in entering the labour market (unemployment and a shift towards subsistence-based informal work rather than entrepreneurship with growth potential). Conceptually, the article links two dimensions: human capital theory, which suggests that education increases productivity and therefore the ability to engage in entrepreneurial activities; and the empirical realities in Mali, which show that education can also act as a constraint if it fails to sufficiently foster initiative and an entrepreneurial culture, and if institutional constraints increase risk aversion.

To explore this relationship, the article formulates five hypotheses concerning: the influence of education on attitudes towards entrepreneurship; the role of subjective norms (family/social support); the effect of self-efficacy and entrepreneurship training; the existence of disparities related to gender and field of study; and the potentially ambiguous impact of current awareness modules, especially if they are not supported by practical guidance.

Finally, the methodology employs a mixed approach: a descriptive analysis using macroeconomic and social data (EMOP/INSTAT), followed by an econometric analysis using multinomial logistic regression. This model compares employment choices across three categories: entrepreneurship (starting a business), employment in the private sector or NGOs, and entry into the civil service.

Keywords: Human capital, Entrepreneurial intention, Education, Labour market, Self-efficacy.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/625

The use of geosynthetics for the reinforcement and stabilisation of road structures: the case of the Lekié Loop rehabilitation project in Cameroon

Fongang Kamgaing Giovanni Paolo — 2026-04-02

This work relates to the use of geosynthetics in the reinforcement and stabilization of pavement structures, through the case study of the rehabilitation project of the Lekié loop. The main objective is to assess the impact of integrating a geosynthetic layer in the subgrade on the mechanical behavior of the pavement, in terms of deformation, strength, and cost. The approach is based on a comparative analysis between a conventional pavement structure, corresponding to the initial contractual structure, and a structure reinforced with geosynthetics. The design of the contractual structure was conducted using Alizé-Lcpc, following the applicable technical recommendations. Subsequently, a three-dimensional modeling of the pavement was performed using Plaxis 3D 2024 to analyze the mechanical behavior of the two variants. The analysis of the mesh displacements, combined with the application of the laws of elasticity, made it possible to calculate an improvement coefficient of the base layer of 1.2, representing a 20% performance gain due to the addition of the geosynthetic. Furthermore, an economic analysis allowed for the assessment of the financial impact of this solution. It notes that despite an initial additional cost of 3.25%, the use of geosynthetics enables optimization of design, a reduction in maintenance costs, and a significant improvement in pavement durability. In conclusion, this study highlights the techno-economic benefits of geosynthetics for strengthening road infrastructures, particularly in sensitive environments. It opens up interesting prospects for the broader application of these solutions in the context of road projects.

Keywords: Geosynthetics; Pavement reinforcement; Numerical modeling; Alizé-LCPC; Tropical pavements.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/664

Assessment of nursing care for hospitalised patients during the night shift at the Wangata general referral hospital / equator province

Jean Djambo Bofaka et al. — 2026-04-02

The quality of nursing care during the night shift is a key determinant of patient safety and hospital performance, particularly in resource-limited settings.

This study aims to evaluate the nursing care provided to inpatients during night shifts at the Wangata General Referral Hospital and to identify the factors associated with patient satisfaction. This is a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study conducted between February and July 2025 involving 384 patients.

Data were collected using questionnaires, survey forms and direct observation.

The analysis was performed using SPSS with the Chi-square test and logistic regression. The overall satisfaction rate was 71.4%. The factors independently associated with satisfaction were the caregiver–patient relationship (ORa = 3.42), staff availability (ORa = 2.85), speed of response (ORa = 2.21), communication (ORa = 2.18) and confidentiality (ORa = 1.96). Patient satisfaction depends mainly on relational and organisational factors.

Keywords: nursing, night shift, satisfaction, quality of care, RDC.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/663

Perceptions of Climate Change Among Market Gardeners in N’djili Brasserie, Mikondo Neighbourhood, in the City-Province of Kinshasa, D.R. Congo

Kwatenge Nsele Jonathan et al. — 2026-04-02

The Mikondo district was a village under the authority of traditional chiefs. From 1926 onwards, it was home to Kinshasa’s first brewery, formerly known as the ‘Brasserie de Léopoldville’, which earned it the nickname ‘N’djili-Brasserie’.

In 1968, a presidential decree issued by President Mobutu officially incorporated Mikondo as a district of the commune of N’Sele, transferring its administration from the traditional authorities to state bodies, located south of the city-province of Kinshasa (DRC), an agricultural experiment that enables them to observe and interpret climate change with precision. The results show that the perception of climate change is widely shared: market gardeners note a shift in the seasons and frequent flooding.

Keywords: climate change, perception, market gardener, R software, Mikondo

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/662

Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the prevention of post-operative infections: a cross-sectional study at Wangata General Referral Hospital, DRC

Moyenge Ngbango Excellente et al. — 2026-04-02

Introduction: Postoperative infections (POIs) constitute a major patient safety issue in resource-limited countries. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of nurses at the Wangata General Referral Hospital (DRC) regarding the prevention of POIs.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 102 nurses working in surgery, the operating theatre and intensive care. A structured questionnaire comprising 35 items was administered. Univariate, bivariate (Chi²) and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses were performed using SPSS 25.

Results: The mean age was 42.3 years (± 8.7); 56.9% were women. Whilst 100% were familiar with preoperative preparation, 68.6% were unaware of the pathogens responsible for postoperative infections. Knowledge of postoperative complications was lacking in 37.3%. Technical vigilance was cited by only 15.3% of respondents, compared with 30.8% for empathy. Seniority of ≥ 20 years (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.5–6.8) and knowledge of pathogens (OR = 4.1; 95% CI: 1.9–8.9) were the main predictors of good practice.

Conclusion: Critical gaps persist in microbiological knowledge and technical vigilance. Targeted continuing education on nosocomial pathogens and aseptic bundles is required.

Keywords: Postoperative infections, prevention, knowledge, attitudes, practices, nurses, RDC.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/661

A Comparative Analysis of Perceptions of the Outcome-Based Approach and the Competence-Based Approach in Nursing Education in Mbandaka, DRC: An Analysis of the Determinants of Teacher Adherence

MALOMBE MUKAMBA Dieudonne et al. — 2026-04-02

Background: The Democratic Republic of the Congo has recently adopted the Bachelor’s-Master’s-Doctorate (LMD) system, requiring a pedagogical transition from the Objective-Based Approach (OBA) to the Competence-Based Approach (CBA). This transition faces severe structural constraints in peripheral medical training institutions.

Objective: To compare the perceived effectiveness of the OBA and the CBA for patient safety and to identify factors associated with staff adherence to the reform.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytical survey was conducted among 50 teachers (84% men, 62% lecturers) at ISTM-Mbandaka. A 4-point Likert scale questionnaire measured perceptions. Analyses included logistic and linear regression, hierarchical clustering (Ward) and correspondence analysis.

Results: 72% of respondents preferred APC for patient safety. LMD training increased the probability of adopting APC by a factor of 3.5 (OR=3.49; 95% CI [1.21–10.05]; p=0.02). The lack of laboratories (mean=3.44), overcrowded placements (mean=3.48) and unreliable internet connection (β=-0.31; p=0.019) are the main obstacles. Seniority exerts a negative moderating effect (β = −0.26; p = 0.049). An oppositional typology distinguishes a pro-APO cluster (untrained seniors) from a pro-APC cluster (trained young people).

Conclusion: Despite strong support in principle for the competency-based approach, infrastructure and digital deficits hinder its effective implementation. A strategic plan incorporating compulsory training, low-threshold laboratories and hybrid connectivity is recommended.

Keywords: Competency-based approach, medical training, patient safety, LMD, Mbandaka, digital divide.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/660

Strengthening the Participatory and Community-Based Approach in the Fight Against Social Inequalities in Mbandaka, DRC: A Quantitative Analysis of 200 Households

Fuila Ngelo Paul et al. — 2026-04-02

Background: In secondary cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, social inequalities persist despite the participatory mechanisms promoted by donors. This study examines the association between community participation and the perception of reduced inequalities in Mbandaka, the capital of Équateur Province.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200 heads of households selected using two-stage stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Univariate and bivariate analyses (Chi-square test) and binary logistic regression were performed.

Results: The population is predominantly young (70% are under 36 years of age) and economically vulnerable (68% live below the poverty line). Nine significant associations were identified. Logistic regression shows that strong community participation increases the probability of perceiving a reduction in inequalities by a factor of 5.87 (p < 0.001), after adjusting for gender, age, education, income and occupation.

Conclusion: Community participation is a powerful lever but requires supporting policies to avoid reproducing existing inequalities.

Keywords: Community participation, social inequalities, Mbandaka, DRC

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/658

Evaluation of the efficacy of cylinder oxygen therapy in patients admitted to Wangata General Referral Hospital: recovered and deceased patients (DRC): a retrospective cohort study

BOYANGA BOKONGO Hermido et al. — 2026-04-02

Introduction: Oxygen is an essential medicine, but in rural and peri-urban hospitals in Central Africa, access to oxygen via concentrators is limited. In Wangata (DRC), oxygen therapy relies almost exclusively on cylinders. The aim was to assess the clinical effectiveness of this practice and to identify factors associated with failure.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study including 300 hospitalised patients who received oxygen via cylinders (January–December 2025). Criteria: SpO₂ ≤ 90% on room air, duration ≥ 6 hours. Univariate, bivariate (χ²) and multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results: 58% of patients had an initial SpO₂ ≤ 85%. The median time to obtain a full cylinder was 4 hours (IQR: 2–7 h). Failure of oxygen therapy (death or SpO₂ < 90% at 48 h) occurred in 32.7% (n=98). In multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of failure were: time to obtain oxygen > 4 hours (OR = 5.2; 95% CI: 2.7–10.1), regulator leak (OR = 4.1; 95% CI: 1.9–8.8), cylinder failure before 12 hours (OR = 3.8; 95% CI: 1.7–8.5), baseline SpO₂ ≤ 85% (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4–6.2) and absence of a functional pulse oximeter (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1–4.9).

Conclusion: Oxygen therapy using oxygen cylinders at Wangata is ineffective in one third of cases, due to logistical delays, equipment leaks and cylinder failures. Simple nursing interventions (checking for leaks, pulse oximeters, spare cylinders) could significantly reduce morbidity and mortality.

Keywords: oxygen therapy, oxygen cylinder, nursing care, resource-limited countries, DRC, General Referral Hospital.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/657

Biochemical and Clinical Evaluation of Novel Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Breast Cancer: Molecular Docking and Biomarker Correlation Study

Wijdan Abdullameer Kamel — 2026-04-02

The research assesses four new chemical substances which are Compound A through D which consist of quinazoline and pyrimidine and indole and quinoline derivatives for their ability to function as tyrosine kinase blockers in breast cancer treatment using molecular docking methods and laboratory tests. The molecular docking study which utilized AutoDock Vina demonstrated that Compound A which is a quinazoline derivative showed the highest binding affinity for EGFR at -10.34 kcal/mol and HER2 at -9.12 kcal/mol when compared to erlotinib and gefitinib. The in vitro MTT assays showed that Compound A had greater potency with IC50 values of 0.012 µM for MCF-7 and 0.034 µM for MDA-MB-231 which represented 7-fold and 4.5-fold increases above erlotinib. The Western blot analysis showed that p-EGFR and p-HER2 and downstream AKT/ERK1/2 signalling experienced major reductions. The study showed that Compound A caused apoptosis in 57.2% of MCF-7 cells and 53.8% of MDA-MB-231 cells which exceeded the erlotinib apoptosis rates. The ADMET profiling results showed that the drug exhibited good pharmacokinetic characteristics. The study found that Compound A's effectiveness depends on the EGFR and HER2 expression levels which were observed together with Ki-67 and Bax and Bcl-2 alterations thus confirming its value as a preclinical candidate for targeted breast cancer treatment.

Keywords: Breast cancer; Tyrosine kinase inhibitors; Molecular docking; EGFR; HER2

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/653

Contributions from theories of organisational justice: A narrative and critical literature review

Omar RAJÂA — 2026-04-02

Organisational justice is a prolific field of research in management sciences and work psychology. This article provides a narrative and critical review of the literature on the theoretical and empirical contributions of this multidimensional construct. Drawing on a body of work selected through a transparent protocol (including seminal meta-analyses, empirical studies conducted across diverse geographical and sectoral contexts (Morocco, Japan, Hong Kong, Ghana, Tunisia, Turkey), and foundational integrative models), we examine the conceptual foundations of organisational justice, the explanatory mechanisms identified (social exchange theory, affective perspective, social identity), the main attitudinal and behavioural consequences documented, and contemporary extensions of the concept, particularly in the context of digital transformation. The cross-sectional analysis reveals consensus on the validity of the four-dimensional model and the significant effects of perceived justice on commitment, satisfaction, and turnover intention, whilst identifying recurring methodological limitations and persistent theoretical gaps. An integrative conceptual framework is proposed, articulating the antecedents, dimensions, mediating mechanisms, and consequences of organisational justice. Priority directions for future research are formulated.

Keywords: organisational justice; distributive justice; procedural justice; interactional justice; social exchange; organisational commitment; well-being at work; literature review

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/637

Investment Promotion and Regional Economic Intelligence: An Analysis of the Dakhla Oued Eddahab Regional Development Programme

Imane EL MAJJI — 2026-04-02

In the context of the implementation of advanced regionalisation in Morocco, particularly in the southern provinces, and the adoption of new territorial development measures tailored to regional specificities, the analysis of Regional Development Programmes (RDPs) is essential. These programmes constitute strategic instruments aimed at enhancing the economic attractiveness of territories, whilst addressing the challenges of competitiveness, equity and sustainability.

In this context, territorial economic intelligence (TEI) emerges as a key lever for supporting and optimising regional development policies. Applied to the Dakhla Oued Eddahab region, it helps to strengthen territorial competitiveness by promoting better use of local resources and facilitating the identification of investment opportunities. TEI is based on structured processes for the collection, analysis and dissemination of strategic information, enabling informed decision-making and the coordination of actions by various public and private stakeholders.

By integrating this approach into the RDP, the Dakhla Oued Eddahab region benefits from a more coherent regional governance framework, based on synergy between institutions, businesses and local stakeholders. This approach promotes investment, stimulates innovation and supports the development of productive activities, thereby contributing to sustainable and inclusive economic growth, as well as to the reduction of territorial disparities.

The aim of this research is to highlight the role of territorial economic intelligence (TEI) in the strategic positioning and promotion of the attractiveness of the Dakhla Oued Eddahab region. To this end, a forward-looking approach is employed to analyse the region’s socio-economic characteristics and evaluate the RDP as a tool for strategic territorial planning. By 2030, territorial economic intelligence will be at the heart of economic diplomacy and territorial development policies, with an enhanced role for investment support institutions, notably the Regional Investment Centres.

Keywords: Territorial economic intelligence (TEI); regional development; territorial attractiveness; investment promotion; territorial governance.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/633

Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship in Africa

Aboubacar Abdou TOURÉ — 2026-04-02

This study examines the complex relationship between the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), the education system, and the entrepreneurial intentions of young graduates in Africa, with a particular focus on the Malian context (a multidimensional economic analysis).

In an environment characterised by strong demographic pressure and a labour market dominated by informality, the ability of African economies to convert educational investments into real economic value is a major challenge. Drawing on human capital theory and Lazear’s “balanced skills” model, the article analyses how AI redefines the returns to education and reshapes professional trade-offs. Using econometric modelling via multinomial logistic regression and analysing recent data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2025/2026) and UNESCO, the results highlight the emergence of a dual gap: the “AI Readiness Gap” and the “Survival Gap”.

The study shows that whilst AI offers opportunities for personalised learning and productivity gains, its effectiveness depends on the quality of digital infrastructure and the adaptation of pedagogical frameworks. The findings call for a transition from theoretical awareness to practical and technological support in order to transform the demographic dividend into a lever for inclusive growth.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Human Capital, Education, Entrepreneurship, Africa.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/628

From the Observatory for Monitoring Corruption and Professional Ethics in the Democratic Republic of Congo: the secular arm of the rule of law

GAYO BULAMBO Cadet — 2026-04-02

This article analyses the legal and institutional role of the Observatory for Monitoring Corruption and Professional Ethics (OSCEP) in consolidating the rule of law in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Initially established as a public service responsible for promoting the Code of Conduct for Public Officials, the OSCEP was transformed into a technical public institution in order to strengthen its prerogatives, particularly in the prevention, detection and punishment of corruption and anti-values in socio-professional circles.

The study highlights a persistent gap between the formal scope of the OSCEP's statutory powers and its actual operational effectiveness. Through a teleological and systemic analysis of the applicable legal texts, supplemented by direct observation and interviews with the institution's agents, the article identifies the structural and functional causes of this dysfunction, which include weak institutional autonomy, insufficient internal scientific research, shortcomings in merit-based recruitment mechanisms, and the inertia of the judicial police function recognised by the OSCEP.

In conclusion, the author argues that revitalising the OSCEP requires targeted legal and institutional reforms, including effectively attaching it to the Prime Minister's Office, strengthening its financial autonomy, establishing binding ethical consultation mechanisms, and adapting the national procedural framework to international standards on combating corruption. The OSCEP is thus seen as a strategic instrument that is still under-exploited for strengthening ethical governance and the rule of law in the DRC.

Keywords: OSCEP, corruption, professional ethics, governance, prevention, autonomy, supervision, anti-values, Judicial Police Officer, Practical Effectiveness, institutional reform.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/567

Dynamic Gravity and International Inequality

Eldar Šehić — 2026-04-02

After modifying and extending the Olivero and Yotov (2012) dynamic gravity model, I derive key novel theoretical findings: the balance condition and the barrier-flow dynamic gravity relationship. The balance condition shows that growth of a country’s market share and trade ease puts downward pressure on the market share and trade ease of other countries, highlighting the link between international inequality and trade frictions. The barrier-flow dynamic gravity relationship shows that relative trade flows growth rate is inversely proportional to relative trade barriers growth rate.

Keywords: Trade; Gravity; Inequality; Dynamic

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/624

Revolutionizing International Trade: Blockchain and Beyond - Elaborating the Paradigm Shift

Moukafi Fayssal — 2026-04-02

In recent years, we have noticed the significant changes that blockchain technology has brought to various industries. Initially revolutionizing finance, blockchain has now found its way into other disciplines, such as international trade. By improving transparency, security, and efficiency throughout global supply chains, this technology is transforming traditional trade practices. This article explores how blockchain and other disruptive technologies are reshaping the landscape of international trade, despite the challenges faced by global supply chains in terms of documentation, costs, and physical flows. The study demonstrates how these technologies can simplify operations, reduce expenses, and manage risks in international trade. Through a thorough analysis, the article highlights both academic authors and major multinational corporations that have implemented these disruptive technologies. Furthermore, we will discuss the acceptance of this technological revolution among industry actors, examining it through the lens of paradigm shift theory.

Keywords: Blockchain; smart contracts; IOT; International trade; the paradigm shift.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/622

Medical and historical factors influencing susceptibility to malaria among pregnant women in the Malende Health District, DR Congo

Kambale Muholu Jonas et al. — 2026-04-02

Malaria is a major health problem, particularly for pregnant women, due to the serious complications it causes, such as anaemia, preterm birth and low birth weight. This study aims to identify the medical and historical factors influencing susceptibility to malaria among pregnant women in the Malende Health Zone in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Methods: This descriptive and correlational study involved 72 pregnant women attending the Malende Health Centre between November 2023 and March 2024. Data were collected through interviews using a structured guide. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, employing the chi-square test to assess relationships between variables.

Results: The results show that 44.4% of pregnant women tested positive for malaria. Multiparity, lack of preventive treatment and irregular use of insecticide-treated bed nets are significant factors associated with high malaria prevalence. Furthermore, low educational attainment and inadequate antenatal care were identified as increased risks.

Conclusion: Malaria remains a serious threat to the health of pregnant women in this region. Measures such as improving access to preventive treatment and promoting the use of insecticide-treated bed nets are essential to reduce the prevalence of malaria.

Keywords: Malaria, pregnant women, prevention, insecticide-treated bed nets, antenatal care, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/621

Tourism and Economic Growth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: An Empirical Analysis from 1995 to 2023

Byandike M. Roméo et al. — 2026-04-02

This paper examines the relationship between tourism and economic growth in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) over the period 1995–2023. It highlights a significant positive impact of tourism on national economic growth. Using an ARDL modelling approach, the results reveal a bidirectional causal relationship in the Toda-Yamamoto sense between GDP per capita and tourism revenues. The test also confirms causal links between institutional variables, tourism activity, and economic growth. Therefore, the development of sustainable tourism, supported by strong institutional governance and effective regulation, appears to be a strategic lever for stimulating economic growth and economic diversification in the DRC.

Keywords: Tourism, Economic Growth, ARDL Model, Governance.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/620

Data Clustering in the Age of Big Data: Challenges, Methodologies and Analytical Implications

KAPALALA KAPENDA Blaise — 2026-04-02

With the exponential proliferation of data, Big Data analysis has become a cornerstone of modern decision-making. At the heart of this analysis lies clustering, an unsupervised learning technique aimed at grouping similar objects. This article explores the crucial role of clustering in the Big Data analytical process, examining the specific challenges posed by the volume, velocity, variety and veracity of data. We review traditional clustering methodologies and their adaptations, as well as algorithms specifically designed for Big Data environments. Practical implications, use cases and future prospects, including integration with deep learning and distributed systems, are also discussed. The aim is to provide an in-depth understanding of how clustering can unlock valuable insights from massive and complex datasets.

Keywords: Data clustering, Big Data, Data analysis, Unsupervised learning, Clustering algorithms, Big Data challenges, Data mining, Artificial intelligence.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/619

Big Data in decision-making processes relating to sexual and reproductive health: practical case studies of midwives in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

KAPALALA KAPENDA Blaise — 2026-04-02

Sexual and reproductive health is a major public health issue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), characterised by high maternal mortality rates and inequalities in access to care. In this context, midwives play a central role in the care of women and newborns. However, their practices remain poorly modelled and insufficiently utilised to support decision-making.

This article explores the contribution of Big Data to improving decision-making in reproductive health through the modelling of midwives’ practices in the DRC. Using a mixed-methods approach combining big data analysis, field surveys and predictive modelling, the study highlights the potential of analytical technologies to improve the quality of care.

The results show that integrating clinical, demographic and behavioural data enables the prediction of obstetric risks, the optimisation of midwives’ interventions and the strengthening of health planning.

Keywords: Big Data, reproductive health, processes, midwives, decision support, DRC, artificial intelligence, modelling, public health.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/618

Synergy Between MOOCs and Digital Competency Frameworks: A Case Study of the MOOC« Teach remotely » for Continuing Education in Morocco

Mounia LHAIBA — 2026-04-02

This article examines the interaction between MOOCs for teacher continuing education and digital competency frameworks in Morocco. The objective is to understand how frameworks such as NUMEFA, UNESCO's ICT framework, and DigCompEdu influence the design and deployment of self-paced online courses. To achieve this, we conducted a case study of the MOOC «Teach remotely » offered on the « e-takwine» platform. An in-depth documentary analysis of its objectives, pedagogical content, and assessment methods was carried out to evaluate their alignment with framework requirements. The analysis reveals that while some aspects of the MOOC meet expectations, significant discrepancies exist in content structuring and assessment methods. These findings suggest areas for improvement, particularly a pedagogical reengineering approach to optimize content structuring and integrate assessments better suited for digital competencies. The proposed recommendations aim to provide Moroccan teachers with more effective and relevant continuing education programs aligned with national educational requirements.

Keywords: MOOC, Competency Frameworks, Digital Skills, Continuing Education.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/614

Water security in northern Morocco: natural difficulties, water requirements, technical measures, and the most important state strategies - the case of the Al Hoceima region

Amar ABATOUY — 2026-04-02

Water is very important in the Al Hoceima region of Northern Morocco and underpins the region's stability, population growth, and social, economic, and environmental development. Al Hoceima, along with the rest of North Morocco, has been receiving heavy rainfall over the last two decades. Al Hoceima, however, has been receiving much less rain than it has over the last two decades. Current climate change poses obstacles that affect almost every domain: Al Hoceima's natural wealth has been stressed, and in Al Hoceima, the water has literally reversed. Rainfall has been very extreme in Al Hoceima (the last 20+ year time span shows that annually it has been as low as 300-1000mm and for the rest of the Kingdom, Al Hoceima persists* to use a water management strategy, of its own, as it is the case for the rest of the Kingdom. For this reason, the issue of Al Hoceima is particularly relevant, given the lack of rainfall and water stress.

This particularly applies to Northern Morocco and the region of Al Hoceima, which recognises the decreasing availability of water. This is particularly the case during the time of the realisation of the impacts of climate change and even the localised impacts of climate change, which include, among others, industrial water use and the resultant and sustained high demand attributed to population increase, which also affects the water-deficient resources due to over-reliance on dam water, coupled with water-consuming farming practices. In this regard, the above factors necessitated the formulation of numerous questions, particularly regarding the water resources of the Northern region of Morocco, and Al-Hoceima in particular. We then pose a secondary question: how effectively do the water policies in place promote water governance and regulate water use?

Keywords: water resources - northern Morocco - Al Hoceima city - rainfall - climate change.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/611

Executive remuneration, performance and responsible governance in Morocco: empirical insights from a national governance barometer

Abderrahim CHTAOUI — 2026-04-02

In emerging markets, studying the link between executive remuneration and performance remains challenging when published information is incomplete, inconsistent and rarely comparable across companies. Drawing on the 2025 edition (2024 data) of the Responsible Governance Barometer in Morocco, this article offers a secondary empirical analysis of a public dataset covering 92 publicly listed companies and over 100 data points per company. The methodology involves the systematic extraction of published indicators, their grouping into analytical dimensions consistent with the literature – board structure, ownership and control, specialised committees, board functioning, remuneration transparency and dissemination of CSR data – followed by their interpretation in the light of agency theory, managerial power theory and institutionalism. The results show that Moroccan corporate governance is more formalised than before, with boards averaging 9.4 members, 36% of structures separating executive and supervisory functions, 23% independent directors and 29% women. They also reveal a persistent gap between formal structure and substantive transparency: 53% of companies disclose executive remuneration, 70% disclose directors’ fees, and only 1% incorporate CSR or non-financial criteria into their remuneration policy. The article concludes that the Barometer provides a robust observatory of the institutional conditions in which the alignment of remuneration and performance can be assessed, without, however, providing, on its own, a sufficient basis for testing it econometrically at the firm level.

Keywords

Executive remuneration; corporate governance; performance; transparency; responsible governance; publicly listed companies; Morocco

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/610

FOSTER OR INSPIRE When teaching becomes a driving force for student entrepreneurship

Abdelbast WADDAD — 2026-04-02

In an increasingly changing socio-economic context, Morocco is facing high unemployment, particularly among graduates, highlighting a mismatch between education and the needs of the labour market. Indeed, the disconnect between the skills acquired at university and the demands of the professional market underscores the need for more appropriate training (Benamar et al., 2016). In this context, student entrepreneurship is emerging as a promising alternative for employability. Promoting university initiatives to stimulate entrepreneurial intent among students could serve as a lever for improving career prospects.

This interaction between universities and entrepreneurship goes beyond the simple notions of business creation. Universities have gradually evolved to become key players in promoting entrepreneurial spirit, thereby fostering encounters between universities and entrepreneurs. It is therefore essential to understand the institutional role of universities in promoting a culture of entrepreneurship among their students. Similarly, the involvement of teachers through the use of innovative teaching methods can have a positive effect on students' entrepreneurial intentions.

In this study, we will attempt to examine the perceptions of students at Cadi Ayyad University (UCA) regarding the impact of university initiatives on the development of entrepreneurial intentions among students, particularly the role of teachers and the effectiveness of the teaching methods used.

Keywords: University, Entrepreneurship, Student, Entrepreneurial intention, Teacher, Teaching methods used.

Received Date: February 22, 2026

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/587

Floristic stability and stratification of ecosystems in the Central Basin: towards a resilience model in Central Africa

Evariste Loke Lobanga et al. — 2026-04-02

Faced with growing anthropogenic pressures in the Central Basin of the Congo, identifying resilient forest groups is imperative to ensure the sustainability of the carbon sink. This study analyses the structure and diversity of 60 permanent plots spread across three contrasting sites: Isangi, Uma and Mambasa. We adopted a refined vertical reading by distinguishing the understorey (diameter at breast height, DBH ≤ 60 cm) from the canopy (DBH > 60 cm). Three dominant assemblages, anchored by Scorodophloeus zenkeri, Staudtia kamerunensis and Cynometra alexandri, were identified. These groups exhibit high alpha diversity (Shannon H' index), inverted J-shaped diameter structures and marked stratification, signs of strong ecological stability. Our results demonstrate that the synergy between floristic diversity and architectural complexity maximises above-ground biomass (AGB). These data provide a robust scientific basis for establishing resilient model forests in the Congo Basin.

Keywords: Congo Basin, floristic diversity, ecological resilience, forest stratification

Received Date: February 22, 2025

Accepted Date: March 14, 2026

Published Date: April 02, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/586